Sequential Combination of Balloon Pulmonary Angioplasty for Distal Lesions in the Left Pulmonary Artery Followed by Pulmonary Endarterectomy for Central Lesions in the Right Pulmonary Artery: A Case Report

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a rare but serious disease caused by persistent thromboembolic obstruction or narrowing of the pulmonary arteries. Its prevalence varies, and many cases remain undiagnosed, contributing to a substantial clinical burden.

Pulmonary emboli (PE) are a common clinical problem seen when a peripheral deep vein thrombosis (DVT) migrates to the pulmonary arteries. However, emerging literature suggests that not all filling defects in the pulmonary arteries are the result of embolism, and that in situ pulmonary arterial thrombus (ISPAT) or low-flow stasis artifact (LFSA) within the pulmonary arteries can mimic acute PE. 

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is characterized by persistent obstruction and vascular remodeling of the pulmonary arteries following pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE), diagnosed after a minimum of 3 months of therapeutic anticoagulation. 

Studies have shown sex differences in the outcomes of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) and in patients who have undergone pulmonary endarterectomy. Limited data exist regarding outcomes of balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) for female versus male subjects. In this analysis cohort, a total of 767 sessions of BPA were performed on 144 patients of which 83 (58%) were female. There were no differences in age, body mass index and comorbidities between males and females.