Recommended therapies for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) have until recently targeted pathways with predominant effects of pulmonary vasodilation.1 The recent addition to treatment options of sotatercept, an activin signaling inhibitor which rebalances pro- and antiproliferative signaling, bolsters a longstanding goal of targeting pathogenic pulmonary vascular remodeling.

Tuberculosis (TB) may cause significant long-term cardiorespiratory complications, of which pulmonary vascular disease is most under-recognized. TB is rarely listed as a cause of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in most PH guidelines, yet PH may develop at various stages in the time course of TB, from active infection through to the post-TB period.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension affects females more frequently than males, and there are known sex-related differences in the lungs. However, normal sex-related differences in pulmonary vascular structure remain incompletely described.

Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) is usually measured with M-mode using sector line, however, this may not align with the anatomical shortening of the right ventricular (RV). In this study, we compared the different methods to measure TAPSE using three different reference lines (sector line, anatomical line, and apico-annular line).

Balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) to treat chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is generally reserved for distal obstruction precluding pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) but can be used in patients with proximal disease who are at high surgical risk or refuse surgery. This single-center retrospective study compared BPA efficacy in patients with proximal versus distal CTEPH.

Treatment modalities for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) improve quality of life and walk distance. However, none of these therapies alter the structural/functional pulmonary vascular integrity that results in vascular remodeling. PAH smooth muscle cells share biological characteristics with cancer cells, which may be potential therapeutic targets for PAH.

In this Community Call, we discussed:

• Inhaled treprostinil in pulmonary hypertension associated with COPD: PERFECT study results
• Pharmacological Gq inhibition induces strong pulmonary vasorelaxation and reverses pulmonary hypertension

'Clinical aspects' is part of the Microbes Virtual Symposium series by the iPVD, a global education programme that highlights top-notch research on inflammation and infectious PVD.

The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of long-term riociguat sequentially combined with balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) for patients with inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH).